Cardiovascular|
Image-based approaches|

Xing, Xiaodan, Javier Del Ser, Yinzhe Wu, Yang Li, Jun Xia, Lei Xu, David Firmin, Peter Gatehouse, and Guang Yang. ‘HDL: Hybrid Deep Learning for the Synthesis of Myocardial Velocity Maps in Digital Twins for Cardiac Analysis’. arXiv, 9 March 2022.

Brain|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Wang, Jinxia, Liang Qiao, Haibin Lv, and Zhihan Lv. ‘Deep Transfer Learning-Based Multi-Modal Digital Twins for Enhancement and Diagnostic Analysis of Brain MRI Image’. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 2022, 1–1.

Brain|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Wan, Zhibo, Youqiang Dong, Zengchen Yu, Haibin Lv, and Zhihan Lv. ‘Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machine for Digital Twins Based Brain Image Fusion’. Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (9 July 2021): 705323.

Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Riedel, Paul, Michael Riesner, Karsten Wendt, and Uwe Assmann. ‘Data-Driven Digital Twins in Surgery Utilizing Augmented Reality and Machine Learning’. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), 580–85. Seoul, Korea, Republic of: IEEE, 2022.

Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|
Opinion/commentary|

Erol, Tolga, Arif Furkan Mendi, and Dilara Dogan. ‘The Digital Twin Revolution in Healthcare’. In 2020 4th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT), 1–7. Istanbul, Turkey: IEEE, 2020.

Cell related|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Du, XiangXi, MuYun Liu, and YanHua Sun. ‘Segmentation, Detection, and Tracking of Stem Cell Image by Digital Twins and Lightweight Deep Learning’. Edited by Vijay Kumar. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (5 April 2022): 1–10.

Cardiovascular|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Contreras, Miguel, Rex W Hafenstine, William Bachman, and David S Long. ‘A Machine Learning Framework to Predict Subcellular Morphology of Endothelial Cells for Digital Twin Generation’. Preprint. Bioengineering, 22 March 2022.

Bone (orthopaedics)|
Data-driven approaches|
Image-based approaches|

Cho, Seoung-Won, Soo-Hwan Byun, Sangmin Yi, Won-Seok Jang, Jong-Cheol Kim, In-Young Park, and Byoung-Eun Yang. ‘Sagittal Relationship between the Maxillary Central Incisors and the Forehead in Digital Twins of Korean Adult Females’. Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 3 (13 March 2021): 203.

Cardiovascular|
Image-based approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|

Gillette, Karli, Matthias A.F. Gsell, Anton J. Prassl, Elias Karabelas, Ursula Reiter, Gert Reiter, Thomas Grandits, et al. ‘A Framework for the Generation of Digital Twins of Cardiac Electrophysiology from Clinical 12-Leads ECGs’. Medical Image Analysis 71 (July 2021): 102080

Cardiovascular|
Image-based approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|

Chakshu, Neeraj Kavan, Jason Carson, Igor Sazonov, and Perumal Nithiarasu. ‘A Semi‐active Human Digital Twin Model for Detecting Severity of Carotid Stenoses from Head Vibration—A Coupled Computational Mechanics and Computer Vision Method’. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 35, no. 5 (May 2019): e3180.