Data-driven approaches|
Omics|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

on behalf of the Swedish Digital Twin Consortium, Bergthor Björnsson, Carl Borrebaeck, Nils Elander, Thomas Gasslander, Danuta R. Gawel, Mika Gustafsson, et al. ‘Digital Twins to Personalize Medicine’. Genome Medicine 12, no. 1 (December 2020): 4.

Cell related|
Data-driven approaches|
Omics|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

Li, Xinxiu, Eun Jung Lee, Sandra Lilja, Joseph Loscalzo, Samuel Schäfer, Martin Smelik, Maria Regina Strobl, et al. ‘A Dynamic Single Cell-Based Framework for Digital Twins to Prioritize Disease Genes and Drug Targets’. Genome Medicine 14, no. 1 (December 2022): 48.

Data-driven approaches|
Manufacturing|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|
Review articles|

Chen, Yingjie, Ou Yang, Chaitanya Sampat, Pooja Bhalode, Rohit Ramachandran, and Marianthi Ierapetritou. ‘Digital Twins in Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Literature Review’. Processes 8, no. 9 (2 September 2020): 1088.

Mechanistic approaches|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

Subramanian, Kalyanasundaram. ‘Digital Twin for Drug Discovery and Development—The Virtual Liver’. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 100, no. 4 (October 2020): 653–62.

Both Mechanistic and data-driven approaches|
Data-driven approaches|
Mechanistic approaches|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

Sokolov, Michael, Moritz von Stosch, Harini Narayanan, Fabian Feidl, and Alessandro Butté. ‘Hybrid Modeling — a Key Enabler towards Realizing Digital Twins in Biopharma?’ Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 34 (December 2021): 100715.

Cell related|
Mechanistic approaches|
Pandemic (virus related)|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

Helgers, Heribert, Alina Hengelbrock, Axel Schmidt, and Jochen Strube. ‘Digital Twins for Continuous MRNA Production’. Processes 9, no. 11 (4 November 2021): 1967.

Cardiovascular|
Mechanistic approaches|
Pharmaceutical (drug development etc.)|

Groth, Corrado, Stefano Porziani, and Marco Evangelos Biancolini. ‘The Medical Digital Twin Assisted by Reduced Order Models and Mesh Morphing’, 2018, 13.